three `waves' of application first wave: shared (remote) use of computers telnet, email, ftp second wave: client/server model, formatted lang. web third wave: collaborative, peer-to-peer, interactive napster, imesh, kazaa, gaming, video emergence of third wave will require more real-time interaction with and reaction to network status the growth of these applications will be self-limiting (by user frustration with performance) unless we have either: a better grip on measurement either done by the applications themselves (e.g., vat) or via some other middleware aspect of the infrastructure) or no service-affecting queueing anywhere in the network (seems unlikely)