DNS responses from simulated zones (3) small number (254) of TLD and SLD name server IP addresses occurs because BIND binds to each IP address twice (TCP and UDP) and is limited to 1024 file descriptors zone files are perfectly consistent no lame delegations, non-answering name servers, or other errors. each hostname has only one A record no CNAME records each SLD has only two NS records TTLs are larger than the time to run an experiment once a record is cached, it stays cached