Passive Measurements of Global Internet Topology Changes
or
Monitoring nameservers: what can we learn from ccTLDs?
Nevil Brownlee, CAIDA / The University of Auckland
     / RUS, Rechenzentrum Universität Stuttgart
ISMA, Leiden, October 2002
if DestPeerAddress == A_ROOT
{ store FlowKind := 1; store FlowClass := 0; }
else if DestPeerAddress == B_ROOT
{ store FlowKind := 2; store FlowClass := 0; }
...
else if DestPeerAddress == A_GTLD
{ store FlowKind := 1; store FlowClass := 1; }
...
...
@b.root-servers.net BW
@b.root-servers.net BV
@b.root-servers.net BR
@b.root-servers.net IO
@b.root-servers.net BN
...
; <<>> DiG 8.3 <<>> -t @b.root-servers.net BR
; (1 server found)
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 151
;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 5
;; QUERY SECTION:
;; BR, type = A, class = IN
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
BR. 2D IN NS NS.DNS.BR.
BR. 2D IN NS NS1.DNS.BR.
BR. 2D IN NS NS2.DNS.BR.
BR. 2D IN NS NS3.NIC.FR.
BR. 2D IN NS NS-EXT.VIX.COM.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
NS.DNS.BR. 2D IN A 200.160.0.5
NS1.DNS.BR. 2D IN A 200.255.253.234
NS2.DNS.BR. 2D IN A 200.19.119.99
NS3.NIC.FR. 2D IN A 192.134.0.49
NS-EXT.VIX.COM. 2D IN A 204.152.184.64
;; Total query time: 5 msec
;; FROM: wallaby.caida.org to SERVER: b.root-servers.net 128.9.0.107
;; WHEN: Sat Aug 24 16:58:31 2002
;; MSG SIZE sent: 20 rcvd: 209
else ADDR_TEST 200.255.253.234 # NS1.DNS.BR.
{ SAVE_CC 30; STORE_N 1; OWN_CCTLD; }
else ADDR_TEST 200.19.119.99 # NS2.DNS.BR.
{ SAVE_CC 30; STORE_N 2; OWN_CCTLD; }
...
# cc = 1..237 country, n = 1..N server ix, OWN or OTHER server
      =    pkts_to + pkts_from - rtts
Totals: rtt=1362514, transaction=4232696
About 1/4 rtts compared to transactions
186 countries observed (not including multi-country servers)
Top 186 countries by nbr of rtts:
rtts % ccd% trans % ccd% servers Country
0 545076 (40.0, 60.0) 1287643 (30.4, 69.6) 103 0 ?? Multi
1 143859 (10.6, 49.4) 277329 ( 6.6, 63.0) 8 201 sr Suriname
2 99441 ( 7.3, 42.1) 142209 ( 3.4, 59.7) 6 113 kr Korea, Republic of
3 60680 ( 4.5, 37.7) 61274 ( 1.4, 58.2) 6 108 jp Japan
4 41398 ( 3.0, 34.6) 90885 ( 2.1, 56.1) 4 11 am Armenia
5 38277 ( 2.8, 31.8) 65012 ( 1.5, 54.5) 6 38 ca Canada
6 37404 ( 2.7, 29.1) 40786 ( 1.0, 53.6) 6 45 cx Christmas Island
7 31407 ( 2.3, 26.8) 33727 ( 0.8, 52.8) 2 169 ph Philippines
8 30412 ( 2.2, 24.6) 87340 ( 2.1, 50.7) 3 224 us United States
9 26372 ( 1.9, 22.6) 96576 ( 2.3, 48.4) 6 81 de Germany
10 19771 ( 1.5, 21.2) 67690 ( 1.6, 46.8) 4 106 it Italy
11 18997 ( 1.4, 19.8) 37566 ( 0.9, 45.9) 4 47 co Colombia
12 16070 ( 1.2, 18.6) 38387 ( 0.9, 45.0) 2 30 br Brazil
13 14233 ( 1.0, 17.5) 57520 ( 1.4, 43.7) 4 73 fi Finland
14 13183 ( 1.0, 16.6) 72219 ( 1.7, 42.0) 5 198 es Spain
15 10019 ( 0.7, 15.8) 37195 ( 0.9, 41.1) 6 21 be Belgium
16 9633 ( 0.7, 15.1) 64295 ( 1.5, 39.6) 6 44 cn China
17 9400 ( 0.7, 14.4) 38866 ( 0.9, 38.7) 2 74 fr France
18 8376 ( 0.6, 13.8) 35514 ( 0.8, 37.8) 3 10 ar Argentina
19 8274 ( 0.6, 13.2) 17904 ( 0.4, 37.4) 2 225 um United States minor outlying islands
20 8227 ( 0.6, 12.6) 56900 ( 1.3, 36.0) 3 160 no Norway
21 7961 ( 0.6, 12.0) 253499 ( 6.0, 30.1) 3 17 bh Bahrain
22 7886 ( 0.6, 11.5) 51856 ( 1.2, 28.8) 3 7 ai Anguilla
23 7839 ( 0.6, 10.9) 44575 ( 1.1, 27.8) 4 171 pl Poland
24 7817 ( 0.6, 10.3) 55553 ( 1.3, 26.5) 2 216 tr Turkey
25 7219 ( 0.5, 9.8) 31251 ( 0.7, 25.7) 3 58 dk Denmark
Features:
40% rtts, 30% transactions to 103 Multi servers !
Next highest country is only 6.6%, then 3.3%
ccd % down to 25% after 25 countries
High proportion to small countries like Surinam, Armenia,
Christmas Island!
Otherwise distribution for transaction counts is a long,
slowly-falling tail.
Usually many more transactions that rtts
Totals: rtt=8069458, transaction=40326286
About 1/5 rtts compared to transactions
151 countries observed (not including multi-country servers)
Top 151 countries by nbr of rtts:
rtts % ccd% trans % ccd% servers Country
0 2816673 (34.9, 65.1) 10661177 (26.4, 73.6) 87 0 ?? Multi (75 countries)
1 2022496 (25.1, 40.0) 5901245 (14.6, 58.9) 6 207 tw Taiwan, Province of China
2 679611 ( 8.4, 31.6) 5576736 (13.8, 45.1) 7 201 sr Suriname
3 635169 ( 7.9, 23.7) 7705102 (19.1, 26.0) 6 113 kr Korea, Republic of
4 472667 ( 5.9, 17.9) 1359639 ( 3.4, 22.6) 6 44 cn China
5 256247 ( 3.2, 14.7) 1265597 ( 3.1, 19.5) 6 108 jp Japan
6 249077 ( 3.1, 11.6) 858853 ( 2.1, 17.4) 3 160 no Norway
7 225187 ( 2.8, 8.8) 925600 ( 2.3, 15.1) 5 219 tv Tuvalu
8 222990 ( 2.8, 6.1) 1173155 ( 2.9, 12.1) 4 11 am Armenia
9 75876 ( 0.9, 5.1) 277863 ( 0.7, 11.5) 4 104 ie Ireland
10 67010 ( 0.8, 4.3) 157084 ( 0.4, 11.1) 2 124 lu Luxembourg
11 56355 ( 0.7, 3.6) 80318 ( 0.2, 10.9) 2 148 nr Nauru
12 52260 ( 0.6, 2.9) 303302 ( 0.8, 10.1) 4 116 la Lao People's Democratic Republic
13 51607 ( 0.6, 2.3) 88855 ( 0.2, 9.9) 3 224 us United States
Features:
About 10x UCSD transactions, but fewer countries (151, cf 185)
35% rtts, 26% trans to 87 Multi-servers, noticeably less that at UCSD
Much steeper tail; ccd below 25% for Multi+top 3 countries
Taiwan, Suriname and Korea dominate the load,
this link goes from Seattle to Asia
UCSD Multi servers, 30% of total. First 50% of multiserver transactions:
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server Countries
28793 95496 ( 5.3, 94.7) 89.97 3.84 15 AUTH03.NS.UU.NET 3
72192 86014 ( 13.2, 81.5) 89.39 1.04 10 NS.UU.NET 39
72274 74014 ( 13.3, 68.2) 93.43 13.26 35 AUTH00.NS.UU.NET 6
32968 73625 ( 6.0, 62.2) 183.45 2.63 1 NS.RIPE.NET 75
3441 62539 ( 0.6, 61.5) 760.42 674.03 32 NS2.GIP.NET 6
35519 49885 ( 6.5, 55.0) 38.40 20.18 14 NS-EXT.VIX.COM 15
5734 43822 ( 1.1, 54.0) 172.27 0.38 18 BOW.RAIN.FR 8
10047 40172 ( 1.8, 52.1) 192.78 2.83 4 NS.EU.NET 35
UCSD Multi servers, 30% of total. First 50% of multiserver transactions:
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server Countries
2038774 7002812 ( 72.4, 27.6) 9.58 15.35 14 NS-EXT.VIX.COM 15
277892 658010 ( 9.9, 17.8) 7.35 19.92 6 UUCP-GW-1.PA.DEC.COM 10
291464 630435 ( 10.3, 7.4) 6.45 8.27 31 UUCP-GW-2.PA.DEC.COM 5
32961 466443 ( 1.2, 6.2) 9.00 0.29 101 NS.ICANN.ORG 2
83232 129575 ( 3.0, 3.3) 208.87 2.36 53 NS.APNIC.NET 4
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
6751 18172 ( 35.5, 64.5) 78.20 0.89 4 Other CMCL2.NYU.EDU 47 co Colombia
11144 11203 ( 58.7, 5.8) 79.77 2.23 1 Other SAELL.CC.COLUMBIA.EDU 47 co Colombia
600 4366 ( 3.2, 2.6) 247.00 8.80 3 Own AYAX.UNIANDES.EDU.CO 47 co Colombia
502 3825 ( 2.6, 0.0) 264.67 2.00 2 Own CDCNET.UNIANDES.EDU.CO 47 co Colombia
13391 33069 ( 67.7, 32.3) 64.76 1.16 2 Other NS2.PSI.NET 106 it Italy
2182 13531 ( 11.0, 21.2) 178.39 2.04 3 Own SERVER2.INFN.IT 106 it Italy
2145 11596 ( 10.8, 10.4) 205.48 11.23 1 Own NAMESERVER.CNR.IT 106 it Italy
2053 9494 ( 10.4, -0.0) 194.18 1.64 4 Own DNS2.IUNET.IT 106 it Italy
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
74654 74970 ( 75.1, 24.9) 20.24 1.83 6 Own USNS.DACOM.CO.KR 113 kr Korea, Republic of
6005 22471 ( 6.0, 18.9) 144.46 7.66 3 Own KR2LD.DACOM.CO.KR 113 kr Korea, Republic of
5294 13366 ( 5.3, 13.6) 149.10 3.38 5 Other KR2ND.HITEL.NET 113 kr Korea, Republic of
2641 12801 ( 2.7, 10.9) 237.83 48.77 1 Other NS.KRNIC.NET 113 kr Korea, Republic of
4716 12270 ( 4.7, 6.2) 232.00 4.13 2 Own NS.KREONET.RE.KR 113 kr Korea, Republic of
6131 6331 ( 6.2, -0.0) 149.29 7.12 4 Other KR2ND.KORNET.NET 113 kr Korea, Republic of
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
12228 12370 ( 20.2, 79.8) 121.89 13.17 1 Own DNS0.SPIN.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
11979 12057 ( 19.7, 60.1) 130.37 0.22 4 Own NS0.IIJ.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
11035 11104 ( 18.2, 41.9) 131.31 6.60 5 Own NS0.NIC.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
9138 9182 ( 15.1, 26.9) 144.36 5.34 6 Own NS-JP.NIC.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
8913 8966 ( 14.7, 12.2) 143.39 1.25 2 Own NS-JP.SINET.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
7387 7595 ( 12.2, 0.0) 152.92 22.69 3 Own NS.WIDE.AD.JP 108 jp Japan
3459 25281 ( 42.0, 58.0) 24.20 2.41 3 Own NOT.NORID.NO 160 no Norway
3503 19787 ( 42.6, 15.4) 24.13 1.41 2 Own NJET.NORID.NO 160 no Norway
1265 11832 ( 15.4, 0.0) 188.55 1.08 1 Own IFI.UIO.NO 160 no Norway
7788 41064 ( 59.1, 40.9) 220.44 31.18 5 Own INECO.NIC.ES 198 es Spain
2875 12057 ( 21.8, 19.1) 210.01 1.68 3 Own SUN.REDIRIS.ES 198 es Spain
828 7281 ( 6.3, 12.8) 316.78 727.40 1 Own NS.EUNET.ES 198 es Spain
807 6754 ( 6.1, 6.7) 218.63 3.65 4 Own NS1.NIC.ES 198 es Spain
885 5063 ( 6.7, 0.0) 206.89 0.25 2 Own PRADES.CESCA.ES 198 es Spain
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
68501 132802 ( 47.6, 52.4) 24.25 0.26 7 Other G3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
18964 62790 ( 13.2, 39.2) 35.72 0.64 6 Other F3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
14135 27545 ( 9.8, 29.4) 77.48 1.54 2 Other L3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
21690 22164 ( 15.1, 14.3) 81.26 0.62 3 Other D3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
17808 17919 ( 12.4, 1.9) 101.38 3.58 5 Other C3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
2699 13640 ( 1.9, 0.0) 9.24 0.31 4 Other E3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
57 281 ( 0.0, 0.0) 659.51 0.00 1 Other NS1.SR.NET 201 sr Suriname
5 188 ( 0.0, -0.0) 121.58 0.00 8 Own A.SRTLD.SR 201 sr Suriname
8910 35838 ( 29.3, 70.7) 81.10 0.80 2 Other B.GTLD.BIZ 224 us United States
399 27515 ( 1.3, 69.4) 104.49 1.00 1 Other A.GTLD.BIZ 224 us United States
21103 23987 ( 69.4, 0.0) 17.79 0.40 3 Other C.GTLD.BIZ 224 us United States
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
17444 700626 ( 57.2, 42.8) 1.88 0.68 1 Other UDNS1.ULTRADNS.NET 45 cx Christmas Island
13040 517878 ( 42.8, 0.0) 1.85 14.02 2 Other UDNS2.ULTRADNS.NET 45 cx Christmas Island
124732 429072 ( 50.1, 49.9) 1.04 0.23 2 Own NJET.NORID.NO 160 no Norway
124345 426256 ( 49.9, 0.0) 1.04 0.24 3 Own NOT.NORID.NO 160 no Norway
1506 18078 ( 99.0, 1.0) 398.97 25.72 3 Other NS2.IHUG.NET.NZ 158 nf Norfolk Island
11 128 ( 0.7, 0.3) 183.84 0.00 1 Own NS2.NF 158 nf Norfolk Island
4 84 ( 0.3, 0.0) 183.53 0.00 2 Own NS1.NF 158 nf Norfolk Island
rtt trans % ccd% RTT (ms) IQR (ms) Server
460691 976909 ( 97.5, 2.5) 146.96 7.89 1 Own NS.CNC.AC.CN 44 cn China
7585 90902 ( 1.6, 0.9) 460.73 115.08 5 Own DNS4.CNNIC.NET.CN 44 cn China
2240 83859 ( 0.5, 0.5) 289.11 49.08 2 Own DNS2.CNNIC.NET.CN 44 cn China
2151 78852 ( 0.5, -0.0) 391.42 109.82 6 Own DNS5.CNNIC.NET.CN 44 cn China
679437 4464980 (100.0, 0.0) 18.12 0.39 6 Other F3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
3 288683 ( 0.0, 0.0) 55.85 0.00 2 Other L3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
166 75114 ( 0.0, 0.0) 66.56 0.13 3 Other D3.NSTLD.COM 201 sr Suriname
5 603 ( 0.0, -0.0) 117.57 0.00 8 Own A.SRTLD.SR 201 sr Suriname
Last updated: 4 October 2002